浅析奖励机制在科研成果产出中的导向作用 ——以北京市农林科学院为例

科研成果产出反映了科技创新能力的强弱,成果产出离不开杰出的科研人才和团队.为了提升科技创新能力,有效激发科研人员的主动性和积极性,不断提升科研成果质量,国家、地方、科研单位和高校都制定并出台了相应的科研成果奖励办法.文章以北京市农林科学院为例,对该院科技创新成果奖励的执行情况进行分析,以期总结出科技创新奖励对成果产出的导向作用.     

Age estimation of different tree species using a special kind of an electrically recording resistance drill

The determination of tree age is an important issue for urban green planning, forestry and dendrology; finding non-destructive and quasi-non-destructive methods for this purpose is of great theoretical and practical importance. The resistance drilling method is quasi-non-destructive because the average diameter of an opening that remains after drilling does not exceed 3 mm. Do electrically recording resistance drills allow precise assessment of tree age? The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of determining the number of tree rings based on an examination of this special kind of drilling resistance profiles for three tree species, the pine Pinus sylvestris L., the oak Quercus robur L., and the birch Betula pendula ROTH. In 2015 and 2016, 15 pine trees, 15 oak trees, and 15 birch trees were randomly selected. For each studied tree, a measurement was conducted using the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 with a flat-tipped 1.5/3 mm steel needle (research sample), and an increment core was taken (reference sample). The drill used was not a real Resistograph^®. The analysis of the E400-profiles underestimated the number of tree rings; the mean bias error (MBE) values were –6.5, –2.5, and –6.0 years for pine, oak, and birch, respectively. The proportion of investigated trees with less than five years difference between the research and reference samples varied from 38.4 (birch) to 66.7 (oak) percent. The accuracy of tree age determination was lowest for birch and highest for oak. The binomial generalised linear model (GLM) revealed that the most accurate tree age assessments were obtained from tree rings wider than 2 mm. The measurements clearly showed that the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 enables a quick, although approximate, tree age assessment. Future research should concentrate on electronically regulating and recording drills, providing a higher spatial and signal resolution, and a stronger correlation to wood density.     

皂化改性菠萝皮生物吸附剂对TVOC的吸附?

对农林废弃物菠萝皮进行化学改性处理,以去除大气中的TVOC有害气体,减轻大气污染的同时实现废弃物的多次循坏再利用,为吸附剂的研究与空气净化提供借鉴。利用二次正交旋转回归以及单因素实验对皂化改性菠萝皮吸附剂的制备工艺以及吸附条件优化；对渣粒径、温度和加入量进行单因素分析；利用吸附等温、动力模型拟合试验探究机理；通过BET、SEM及FTIR对样品进行表征；采用横向对比试验与其他材料对比吸附效果并探讨吸附剂的重复利用能力。结果表明：无水乙醇与氢氧化钠体积比为1:2.8,浸泡时间为6 h,离心时间为13 min,预测值Ymax=8.2759%；渣粒径60目、温度22℃、加入量3g为最佳单因素条件；吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温模型(R2=0.9926),吸附状态为多分子层多位点吸附；遵循二级动力学模型(R2=0.9757),即以化学吸附为主的物理化学双重吸附过程；比表面积显著增大、孔隙率升高,表面褶皱增多,且酰胺N-H基团、-OH等有效基团参与吸附；横向对比试验证明吸附效果在1%水平上显著优于其他四种吸附材料,即改性菠萝皮>硅藻土>活性炭>竹炭>树脂,且至少可重复利用7次以上。     

长江安庆段一头死亡长江江豚元素含量分析

针对2017年9月12日发现于长江安庆段的1头野外死亡长江江豚样本(AQJT20170912),采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定其脑、心脏、肝脏、肺、肾、胃、肠、睾丸、肌肉、皮肤10种组织器官中钾(K)、钙(Ca)、钠(Na)、镁(Mg)、钴(Co)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)共12种元素的含量,以期探究各元素在其组织器官中的累积特征。结果显示,该样本Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg在不同组织器官中表现出差异性累积特征,这与水生哺乳动物组织器官元素累积特征相似,在一定程度上反映出各元素在不同组织器官中特有的生理功能。对比分析发现,鲸类动物组织器官常量元素与微量元素的累积特征有一定规律,并不因环境条件的改变而呈显著差别,总体表现为NaKCaFeMgZnCuCo。此外,AQJT20170912各个组织器官中毒性元素Pb、As的含量均较高,这应与其栖息环境的元素背景有关,应予以关注。     

硝化应激在神经型犬瘟热疾病发展中的临床意义

为了研究硝化应激在神经型犬瘟热疾病发展中的作用,并探讨其对该病的诊断价值,选取犬瘟热临床病例113例,其中有神经症状组(NCD)共37例,无神经症状组(NNS)共76例,并设25例无犬瘟热健康犬作为对照组(CG)。就诊时分别采取血液和脑脊液,测定一氧化氮(NO)、神经元型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平。结果显示:NCD组2种组织液中的NO、nNOS和NSE升高,显著高于NNS组(P<0.05)与CG组(P<0.01);ROC曲线分析发现,2种组织液中的NO、nNOS和NSE对神经型犬瘟热的诊断具有良好的灵敏度和特异性,血浆中以nNOS最佳,截断值为230.1 ng/mL,脑脊液中以NSE最佳,截断值为3.67 ng/mL;NSE对神经型犬瘟热具有一定预后价值,血浆中NSE<2.07的病例死亡率显著低于NSE≥2.07的病例。结果表明:神经型犬瘟热疾病发展中伴有硝化应激和神经损伤,血浆与脑脊液中的NO、nNOS和NSE具有对神经型犬瘟热的诊断及预测作用。     

Differential regulation on C5 expression in goose versus mammals by glucose/palmitate provides a potential protection for goose fatty liver

Goose fatty liver is a specific type of nonalcoholic fatty liver that is protected from harmful effects associated with severe steatosis. Our previous findings suggest that suppression of the complement C5 may be relevant, but the mechanism is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we first verified the expression pattern of complement genes (including C5) during goose fatty liver formation and then determined the liver fat content and fatty acid composition by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by selecting the differential metabolites to treat HepG2, goose and mouse primary hepatocytes, aiming to explore the mechanism of C5 and inflammation suppression in goose fatty liver. The data confirmed the suppression of complement genes (including C5) in goose fatty livers. Moreover, fat content was significantly higher in fatty liver versus normal ones, with oleic acid and palmitic acid dominantly accounting for the difference. In line with this, high concentration of palmitate led to down regulation of C5 expression in goose primary hepatocytes whereas upregulation in mouse primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, regulation on C5 expression by fatty liver related factors including high level of palmitic acid may contribute to the protection of goose liver from severe hepatic steatosis.     

间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响

研究间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落多样性变化规律,为判断胶园间作木薯的可行性提供理论支撑。以橡胶与木薯间作为处理,橡胶单作为对照,采用传统方法和高通量测序技术分析橡胶树根际土壤理化性状及真菌群落结构。结果表明：（1）间作模式下橡胶树根际土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和真菌Shannon指数显著降低,真菌Simpson指数显著提高,pH和Chao1指数虽有降低,但差异未达到显著水平;（2）门分类水平上,2个处理的橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构组成相近,共有的3大优势菌门均为Ascomycota、Zygomycota和Basidiomycota。间作木薯降低了橡胶树根际土壤中Zygomycota和Basidiomycota的相对丰度,但提高了Ascomycota相对丰度,达到91.54%;（3）属分类水平上,2个处理中相对丰度比例前10的优势菌属占所有检测出菌属的61.30%~65.59%,间作木薯提高了橡胶根际土壤中Phyllosticta、Gibberella和Lecythophora的相对丰度;（4）土壤碱解N、速效P和速效K含量对橡胶树根际土壤中真菌群落α-多样性产生影响,土壤真菌多样性变化与土壤有机质含量有关。因此,间作木薯增加了植物对土壤矿质营养元素的吸收,导致橡胶树根际土壤肥力下降,进一步降低了橡胶树根际土壤真菌的群落多样性,同时增加了病原真菌的丰度。     

外源褪黑素对烟草幼苗抗旱性生理机制的影响

为研究喷施外源褪黑素对烟草幼苗不同程度干旱胁迫条件下的影响效应。以烟草幼苗为试验材料，探究喷施100 μmol·L-1外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下幼苗的生长、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明，干旱严重影响植物生长，喷施褪黑素缓解了干旱胁迫造成的植株生长抑制，并通过提高叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr），降低胞间CO2浓度（Ci），同时增强超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性，减少O-2和丙二醛（MDA）的含量，显著增加渗透调节物质的积累，以提高烟草幼苗的抗干旱胁迫能力，结果为褪黑素对烟草幼苗的抗旱性影响机理提供依据。     

常用肥料对作物重金属积累的影响及其机理研究进展

我国肥料用量和种类均日益增多，其重金属含量及对作物重金属积累影响复杂，亟待全面开展肥料重金属安全性评价工作。从常见肥料重金属含量、肥料对作物积累重金属的影响及影响机理三方面阐述了肥料重金属安全性评价的研究进展。有机肥和固废堆肥重金属污染问题严重，无机化肥和其他新型肥料中重金属污染问题也不容忽视。肥料一方面可以作为重金属污染源对土壤和作物造成重金属污染，另一方面也可能通过改变土壤中重金属的赋存形态、影响作物根对重金属的吸收和根向地上部分的转运等生化机理而影响作物中重金属含量。在比较了常见肥料中重金属污染特征、生物积累行为及机理基础上，对肥料重金属安全性评价的研究前景进行了展望。     

硫化氢在植物中抵御非生物胁迫机制的研究进展

植物在生长发育过程中不可避免地受到各种生物或非生物胁迫。硫化氢(H2S)作为一种细胞信号分子，在植物体抵御冷热、重金属、盐、干旱等各种非生物逆境胁迫及与其他信号物质的互作等方面发挥重要作用。综述了H2S在植物体中通过基因调控、改变酶活性和蛋白质的表达、硫巯基化修饰、减轻氧化应激、与信号物质的互作等抵御非生物胁迫的作用机制，并展望了H2S在植物体中抵御非生物胁迫的作用机制。